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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Global epigenetic changes during somatic cell reprogramming to iPS cells.

Anna Mattout1, Alva Biran, Eran Meshorer

  • 1Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
|November 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) involves epigenetic changes. Heterochromatin reorganization occurs before active gene expression during this process, revealing key mechanisms for pluripotency.

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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

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Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

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Published on: July 30, 2016

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
08:14

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology
  • Chromatin Organization and Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess unique, open chromatin structures facilitating pluripotency.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) closely resemble ESCs but reprogramming mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Understanding iPSC epigenetic landscapes is crucial for therapeutic applications and basic research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the epigenetic landscapes of partially and fully reprogrammed iPSCs with ESCs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).
  • To investigate the sequence of chromatin reorganization during cellular reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of histone modifications (e.g., H3ac, H3K4me3, H3K27me3) and proteins (HP1α, lamin A) using immunofluorescence and biochemical fractionation.
  • Comparison of epigenetic states in partially reprogrammed iPSCs, fully reprogrammed iPSCs, ESCs, and MEFs.
  • Time-course analysis of reprogramming experiments.

Main Results:

  • Fully reprogrammed iPSCs display epigenetic profiles identical to ESCs.
  • Partially reprogrammed iPSCs exhibit epigenetic features closer to MEFs.
  • Heterochromatin reorganization was observed to precede Nanog expression and active histone modifications during reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic identity of iPSCs correlates with their pluripotent state.
  • Heterochromatin reorganization is an early event in the reprogramming process, preceding euchromatin changes.
  • These findings provide insights into the epigenetic dynamics underlying cellular reprogramming.