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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma
10:52

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Published on: March 30, 2018

Intravascular B-cell lymphoma with hypercalcemia as the initial presentation.

Yoshiaki Chinen1, Mitsushige Nakao, Mio Sugitani-Yamamoto

  • 1Division of Hematology, Otsu Municipal Hospital, Otsu, Japan.

International Journal of Hematology
|November 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Intravascular B-cell lymphoma, a rare cancer, can present initially as hypercalcemia. This condition, linked to elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) from lymphoma cells, requires consideration in unexplained hypercalcemia cases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma
10:52

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Published on: March 30, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Intravascular B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma variant.
  • IVLBCL is characterized by lymphoma cell growth within blood vessel lumina, predominantly affecting elderly patients.
  • Diagnosis can be challenging due to intravascular localization and absence of nodular lesions.

Observation:

  • A 71-year-old male presented with hypercalcemia and elevated serum parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) as the initial manifestation of IVLBCL.
  • Immunohistochemical staining confirmed high PTHrP expression in the intravascular lymphoma cells.

Findings:

  • The patient achieved complete remission after six courses of R-CHOP immunochemotherapy and two courses of high-dose methotrexate.
  • Hypercalcemia, though a known cancer complication, is rarely the first presentation of IVLBCL.
  • Review of literature identified other IVLBCL cases with initial hypercalcemia presentation.

Implications:

  • IVLBCL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia of unknown origin, particularly in elderly patients.
  • Understanding the role of PTHrP in IVLBCL pathogenesis may guide future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • Early recognition of IVLBCL, even with atypical presentations like hypercalcemia, is crucial for timely intervention and improved outcomes.