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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Centromere repositioning in mammals.

M Rocchi1, N Archidiacono, W Schempp

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy. rocchi@biologia.uniba.it

Heredity
|November 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Centromere repositioning, the movement of centromeres along chromosomes, is a frequent evolutionary event. New data reveals evolutionary new centromeres (ENCs) in orangutans and squirrel monkeys, highlighting cytogenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cytogenetics

Background:

  • Comparative hybridization of bacterial artificial chromosome clones reveals centromere repositioning, a phenomenon where centromeres move along chromosomes without altering marker order.
  • Evolutionary new centromeres (ENCs) are frequently observed across species, with significant instances in macaques, donkeys, and orangutans.
  • Human neocentromeres arise from acentric fragments, leading to clinical phenotypes, while other repositioning events offer insights into ENC formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the phenomenon of centromere repositioning and its evolutionary implications.
  • To present new data on the population genetics of orangutan ENCs.
  • To report the first instance of an ENC on the X chromosome of squirrel monkeys.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative hybridization of large bacterial artificial chromosome clone panels.
  • Population genetics analysis.
  • Classical and molecular cytogenetic investigations.

Main Results:

  • Centromere repositioning is a common evolutionary mechanism, with numerous ENCs identified in various primate and equid species.
  • New data provides insights into the population genetics of ENCs in orangutans.
  • An ENC has been identified on the X chromosome of squirrel monkeys, marking a novel discovery.

Conclusions:

  • Centromere repositioning is a significant driver of chromosomal evolution.
  • Classical and molecular cytogenetics remain indispensable for identifying centromere movements, even with advances in next-generation sequencing.
  • The study of ENCs continues to expand, with new discoveries in diverse species and ongoing investigations into their genetic underpinnings.