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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Arteries and Arterioles01:16

Arteries and Arterioles

Arteries, the vasculature responsible for transporting blood from the heart, possess robust walls capable of enduring the elevated pressures exerted by the heartbeat. Arteries near the heart are especially thick-walled and enriched with elastic fibers across their three tunics, classifying them as elastic or conducting arteries. These arteries, usually with a diameter exceeding 10 mm, are characterized by their ability to dilate in response to the blood pumped from the heart's ventricles and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity01:24

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

Breathing, otherwise known as pulmonary ventilation, is the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. The main mechanisms propelling pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm), intra-pulmonary (Ppul ) or intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure (Pip) within the pleural cavity.
Breathing Mechanisms
Both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures rely on specific lung properties. The ability to breathe—allowing air to enter the lungs during...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound
10:08

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

Published on: December 2, 2014

Lung function is associated with arterial stiffness in children.

Julian G Ayer1, Elena G Belousova, Jason A Harmer

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. juliana@chw.edu.au

Plos One
|November 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Children with lower lung function, specifically reduced forced expiratory volume (FEV) and forced vital capacity (FVC), show increased vascular stiffness. This early-life association suggests a link between pulmonary health and cardiovascular risk factors from childhood.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound
10:08

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

Published on: December 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric pulmonology
  • Cardiovascular health in children
  • Early life predictors of adult disease

Background:

  • Impaired lung function and cardiovascular disease are linked in older adults, potentially due to aging or smoking.
  • This study explored potential childhood origins of this association.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between lung function and carotid augmentation index (AIx), a marker of vascular stiffness, in 8-year-old children.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 249 healthy 8-year-olds using spirometry (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) and applanation tonometry (carotid AIx75).
  • Collected data on smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and intervention group (omega-3 or dust mite avoidance).
  • Used multivariate models to assess associations, controlling for sex, height, smoking, ETS, and randomization.

Main Results:

  • Lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was independently associated with increased carotid AIx75 (standardized β = -0.17, p = 0.03).
  • Reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) showed a significant association with higher carotid AIx75 (standardized β = -0.29, p < 0.001).
  • Lower FEV1/FVC ratio was also linked to increased carotid AIx75 (standardized β = 0.13, p = 0.04).

Conclusions:

  • Decreased lung volumes in childhood are associated with heightened vascular stiffness.
  • The link between lung function and vascular stiffness may originate earlier than previously thought, not solely due to aging.