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Vaccinations

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Immunization of Adult Zebrafish for the Preclinical Screening of DNA-based Vaccines

Immunization of Adult Zebrafish for the Preclinical Screening of DNA-based Vaccines

Published on: October 30, 2018

Update on immunizations in adults.

John A Vaughn¹, Roger A Miller

¹The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA. vaughn.7@osu.edu

American Family Physician

|November 4, 2011

Summary

Adult immunization schedules are updated annually to prevent serious diseases. Key changes include new recommendations for human papillomavirus, herpes zoster, tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis, pneumococcal, influenza, and meningococcal vaccines.

Area of Science:

Public Health
Immunology
Preventive Medicine

Background:

Vaccine-preventable diseases pose a significant threat to U.S. adult morbidity and mortality.
Annual updates to adult immunization schedules are crucial for public health.
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) provides evidence-based recommendations.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize recent updates to the recommended adult immunization schedule.
To highlight key changes in vaccine recommendations for various diseases.
To emphasize the importance of systematic adult immunization strategies in primary care.

Main Methods:

Review of the latest recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
Analysis of changes in vaccine usage and indications for specific adult populations.

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Identification of new vaccine recommendations and modifications to existing ones.

Main Results:

Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine recommended for permissive, not routine, use in males to prevent genital warts.
Single dose of herpes zoster vaccine recommended for adults aged 60 and older.
Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine replaces tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine for adults 19 and older without prior Tdap.
Pneumococcal polyvalent-23 vaccine indications expanded to include all adults with asthma and all smokers.
Annual seasonal influenza vaccination recommended for all adults.
Booster doses of meningococcal vaccine recommended for high-risk adults.

Conclusions:

Physicians must adopt systematic, patient-, staff-, and physician-focused approaches to adult immunization.
Staying current with annual immunization schedule updates is vital for preventing disease.
Effective implementation of updated vaccine recommendations can reduce adult morbidity and mortality.