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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Decrease in thyroid adenoma associated (THADA) expression is a marker of dedifferentiation of thyroid tissue.

Lars Kloth¹, Gazanfer Belge, Käte Burchardt

¹Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Leobener Str, ZHG, 28359 Bremen, Germany. bullerd@uni-bremen.de.

BMC Clinical Pathology

|November 5, 2011

Summary

Thyroid adenoma associated (THADA) gene expression is significantly higher in normal thyroid tissue. THADA may serve as a marker for thyroid dedifferentiation in tumors.

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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Molecular Biology
Oncology

Background:

Thyroid adenoma associated (THADA) gene identified in chromosome 2p21 translocations.
The specific role of THADA in thyroid function remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

Quantify THADA gene expression in normal thyroid tissues.
Analyze THADA expression in thyroid hyperplasias and neoplasias.
Investigate THADA's correlation with other thyroid markers.

Main Methods:

Real-time PCR used for gene expression analysis.
Examined THADA and 18S rRNA expression in 34 normal tissues.
Analyzed THADA and NIS expression in 85 thyroid tumors, including adenomas with 2p21 translocations.

Main Results:

THADA expression significantly higher in normal thyroid tissue compared to other tissues.
Distinct THADA expression levels observed between non-malignant and malignant thyroid tumors.
Inverse correlation found between THADA and HMGA2 mRNA in thyroid tumors; correlation between THADA and NIS in normal and malignant thyroid tissues.

Conclusions:

THADA gene expression is a potential marker for thyroid tissue dedifferentiation.
Findings suggest THADA's involvement in thyroid tumorigenesis.