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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual remembers mundane...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
11:32

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

Long-term consequences: effects on normal development profile after concussion.

Daniel H Daneshvar1, David O Riley, Christopher J Nowinski

  • 1Department of Neurology, Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, MA, USA. ddanesh@bu.edu

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|November 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), including concussions, affect millions annually. Some individuals experience long-term effects like chronic traumatic encephalopathy and dementia, necessitating better diagnosis and treatment.

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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
11:32

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)
07:01

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
09:49

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Public Health
  • Trauma Research

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 1.7 million Americans yearly, with 75% being mild TBIs (concussions).
  • Postconcussion syndrome can persist for months in both children and adults.
  • Repetitive brain trauma is linked to progressive tauopathy (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significant public health burden of traumatic brain injuries.
  • To underscore the potential long-term neurological consequences of head trauma.
  • To emphasize the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for TBI.

Main Methods:

  • This abstract summarizes existing epidemiological data and established medical knowledge regarding TBI.
  • It reviews the link between head trauma and subsequent neurological conditions.
  • It identifies critical areas for future research and clinical intervention.

Main Results:

  • Mild TBIs (concussions) constitute the majority of annual TBI cases.
  • Long-term neurological sequelae, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy and dementia, are associated with repetitive head trauma.
  • Current understanding indicates a need for enhanced diagnostic and treatment protocols.

Conclusions:

  • Effective diagnosis, treatment, and education are crucial for mitigating the long-term impact of head injuries.
  • Further research is needed to understand and prevent conditions like chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
  • Addressing TBI is essential for reducing the incidence of associated neurodegenerative diseases.