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Related Experiment Videos

Continuing periosteal apposition. I: Documentation, hypotheses, and interpretation.

R A Lazenby1

  • 1Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|August 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Continuing periosteal apposition (CPA) causes adult bones to grow larger. However, the small effect size and limited sample sizes in many studies make age-related bone size changes difficult to confirm statistically.

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Osteology
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • Continuing periosteal apposition (CPA) is the addition of new lamellar bone, leading to increased skeletal size in adults.
  • This phenomenon has been observed in various adult cranial and postcranial bones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies investigating age-related changes in skeletal dimensions.
  • To examine hypotheses proposed to explain CPA.
  • To address challenges in interpreting CPA due to small effect sizes and statistical power.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 42 studies published from 1964 onwards.
  • Analysis of studies reporting significant and nonsignificant age-related changes in skeletal dimensions (length, diameter, width, area).
  • Consideration of four postulated hypotheses for CPA: cohort effect, mechanical compensation, bone repair/response, and heterochrony.

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  • Power analysis of selected studies to assess statistical significance.

    • Main Results:

    • Studies show varied age-related changes in skeletal dimensions, with some significant and others nonsignificant.
    • The four hypotheses for CPA remain largely speculative due to a lack of rigorous testing.
    • Small effect sizes in CPA research, often coupled with restricted sample sizes, limit statistical power.
    • Power analysis revealed that studies reporting nonsignificant results had a low probability of detecting a true effect.

    Conclusions:

    • Interpreting age-related skeletal size changes like CPA is challenging due to statistical limitations.
    • Distinguishing between statistical and biological significance requires careful consideration of effect size and study power.
    • Further research with larger sample sizes and robust statistical methods is needed to validate hypotheses and confirm CPA.