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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements
09:10

The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements

Published on: December 5, 2025

Simultaneous T1 measurements and proton resonance frequency shift based thermometry using variable flip angles.

S Hey1, M de Smet, C Stehning

  • 1Laboratory for Molecular and Functional Imaging, Équipe de Recherche Technologique Centre National de la Récherche Scientifique/Universite Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|November 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel MRI method for precise, real-time temperature and T(1) relaxation time measurements. This technique enhances MR-guided noninvasive therapies by enabling simultaneous monitoring of temperature and contrast agent release.

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Published on: September 23, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Accurate temperature monitoring is crucial for MR-guided noninvasive therapies like high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
  • Existing methods for temperature and T(1) mapping often lack sufficient spatial or temporal resolution for real-time applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel MRI method for simultaneous, high-resolution temperature and T(1) relaxation time measurements.
  • To assess the method's utility in MR-guided HIFU tissue ablation and drug delivery applications.

Main Methods:

  • Combined dynamic variable flip angle T(1) mapping with proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) thermometry.
  • Applied the method to measure temperature changes during HIFU ablation in porcine fat and muscle.
  • Utilized T(1) mapping to detect the release of a T(1) contrast agent from thermo-sensitive liposomes.

Main Results:

  • Achieved temperature accuracies of 2.5 K (T(1)-based) in fat and 1.2 K (PRFS-based) in muscle during HIFU ablation.
  • Demonstrated good temporal and spatial correlation between T(1) changes and contrast agent release upon exceeding liposome phase transition temperature.
  • The method offers high temporal resolution compared to interleaved Look-Locker techniques.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method is feasible for simultaneous real-time monitoring of T(1) and temperature changes.
  • This technique holds promise for enhancing MR-guided noninvasive therapies, including thermal ablation and targeted drug delivery.
  • The high temporal resolution makes it suitable for dynamic monitoring during therapeutic interventions.