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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves
11:12

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves

Published on: October 17, 2013

A tale of two valves.

Vincent P Keating1, Bijoy K Khandheria

  • 1Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke' s Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, #845, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA.

European Heart Journal. Cardiovascular Imaging
|November 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Elevated gradients across mechanical heart valves can indicate dysfunction. Pannus formation is a key cause, requiring prompt recognition for effective patient management.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiac Surgery

Background:

  • Mechanical cardiac valves are crucial for treating valvular heart disease.
  • Valve dysfunction can lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality.
  • Understanding causes of mechanical valve dysfunction is essential for clinical practice.

Observation:

  • Two cases of elevated gradients across mechanical cardiac valves were analyzed.
  • Imaging revealed reduced disc mobility in affected mechanical valves.
  • Operative findings correlated with imaging and gradient data.

Findings:

  • Pannus formation was identified as a significant cause of mechanical valve dysfunction.
  • Decreased disc mobility is a key indicator of pannus-related valve obstruction.

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Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom
06:26

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Published on: February 25, 2022

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves
11:12

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves

Published on: October 17, 2013

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom
06:26

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Published on: February 25, 2022

  • The study highlights the pathological mechanisms of pannus in mechanical valves.

    • Implications:

    • Recognizing pannus is critical for diagnosing mechanical valve dysfunction.
    • Early diagnosis of pannus can guide timely surgical intervention.
    • This understanding improves patient outcomes in mechanical valve replacement therapy.