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Related Concept Videos

Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Potassium deca-borate monohydrate.

Yi-Hong Gao1

  • 1College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Nomal University, Xianyang 712000, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|November 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the crystal structure of potassium tetraborate octahydrate, detailing how polyborate anions form helical chains. These chains interconnect via hydrogen bonds, creating a 3D framework housing water molecules and potassium cations.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystal Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Borate compounds exhibit diverse structures and properties.
  • Understanding the hydrogen bonding network is crucial for predicting material behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of K(2)[B(10)O(14)(OH)(4)]·H(2)O.
  • To analyze the structural role of polyborate anions, potassium cations, and water molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, angles, and hydrogen bonding interactions.

Main Results:

  • The polyborate [B(10)O(14)(OH)(4)](2-) anions form helical chain-like structures through shared oxygen atoms.
  • Adjacent chains are interconnected into a three-dimensional framework via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
  • Potassium cations and water molecules are integrated within the framework, stabilized by additional hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of K(2)[B(10)O(14)(OH)(4)]·H(2)O is characterized by helical polyborate chains forming a 3D network.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in stabilizing the overall structure and incorporating guest molecules.