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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Dipole Moment of a Molecule

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

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Published on: March 24, 2018

Hydrogen-bond inter-actions in morpholinium bromide.

Kamentheren Padayachy1, Zolani Mgcima, Manuel A Fernandes

  • 1School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|November 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of morpholinium bromide, synthesized via diethanolamine dehydration. It reveals a complex 3D network formed by hydrogen bonds between morpholinium and bromide ions, creating chains, ladders, and sheets.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Chemical Synthesis

Background:

  • Understanding the self-assembly of organic salts is crucial for materials science.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in directing crystal packing and network formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the crystal structure of morpholinium bromide.
  • To elucidate the hydrogen bonding interactions and network architecture in the solid state.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of morpholinium bromide from diethanolamine and HBr.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the crystal structure.
  • Topological analysis using graph-set notation to describe hydrogen bonding motifs.

Main Results:

  • Morpholinium bromide forms a 3D network structure.
  • Chains of ions linked by N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds (C(2)(1)(4) motif).
  • Ladders formed by bifurcated N-H⋯Br interactions (R(4)(2)(8) and R(2)(2)(4) motifs).
  • Sheets formed by C-H⋯O interactions between cations, crosslinked into a 3D network.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of N-H⋯Br and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
  • The study demonstrates the formation of a complex supramolecular network from simple organic salt components.
  • The detailed structural analysis provides insights into crystal engineering principles.