Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

(<i>E</i>)-5-(4-Chloro-benzyl-idene)-1-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetra-hydro-1<i>H</i>-indazol-4-one: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.

IUCrData·2022
Same author

(<i>E</i>)-5-(4-Methyl-benzyl-idene)-1-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetra-hydro-1<i>H</i>-indazol-4-one.

IUCrData·2022
Same author

Cesium-Fluoride-Promoted Synthesis of Stable Organocesium Reagents and Their Ambident Reactivities with Arynes.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2022
Same author

Biosynthesis and Characterization of a Novel Fibrinolytic Alkaline Serine Protease from Newly Isolated Bacillus flexus BF12 for Biomedical Applications.

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology·2020
Same author

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-amino-pyridinium hydrogen phthalate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2019
Same author

Structural, Spectroscopic Investigation and Computational Study on Nitrate and Hydrogen Oxalate Salts of 2-Aminopyrimidine.

Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology·2018
Same journal

Crystal structure of 1-(piperidin-1-yl)butane-1,3-dione.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-7-tosyl-3,6,7,11b-tetra-hydro-pyrazolo-[4',3':5,6]pyrano[3,4-c]quinoline-5a(5H)-carboxyl-ate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 4-amino-1-(4-methyl-benz-yl)pyridinium bromide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of (Z)-3-benz-yloxy-6-[(2-hy-droxy-anilino)methyl-idene]cyclo-hexa-2,4-dien-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of bis-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole) perchloric acid monosolvate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 2-(di-phenyl-phos-phanyl)phenyl 4-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)benzoate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
09:04

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

Published on: September 14, 2016

Caffeinium bis-ulfate monohydrate.

C Vincent Jerin1, S Athimoolam

  • 1Department of Physics, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Anna University of Technology Tirunelveli, Nagercoil 629 004, India.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|November 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxo-7H-purin-9-ium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate was determined. Crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, revealing key intermolecular interactions.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
09:04

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

Published on: September 14, 2016

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical Physics
  • Solid-state Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the solid-state structure of organic salts is crucial for predicting their physical properties.
  • Caffeine derivatives are common in pharmaceuticals and materials science.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in crystal lattice stabilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxo-7H-purin-9-ium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate.
  • To identify and analyze the intermolecular interactions, particularly hydrogen bonds, governing the crystal packing.
  • To provide a detailed crystallographic description of this purinium salt.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular distances was performed.
  • Hydrogen bonding networks were identified and characterized using geometric criteria.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxo-7H-purin-9-ium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate (C(8)H(11)N(4)O(2) (+)·HSO(4) (-)·H(2)O) was successfully resolved.
  • The crystal packing is significantly stabilized by a network of N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
  • The presence of a water molecule of hydration was confirmed and its role in the hydrogen bonding network was observed.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive crystallographic analysis of the title compound.
  • The identified hydrogen bonding patterns are key to the stability and organization of the crystal lattice.
  • This structural information is valuable for understanding the solid-state behavior and potential applications of this purinium salt.