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Related Concept Videos

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution. In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

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Published on: January 19, 2016

Bis(4-fluoro-anilinium) sulfate.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Suhana Arshad, Dinesha

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |November 8, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a fluorinated amine salt, revealing hydrogen bonds that form sheets. The compound was identified as a racemic twin, indicating an equal mixture of both enantiomers.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Chemical Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Molecular salts are crucial in various chemical applications.
    • Understanding crystal structures informs material properties and synthesis.
    • Fluorinated organic compounds exhibit unique chemical behaviors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the molecular salt 2C(6)H(7)FN(+)·SO(4) (2-).
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, within the crystal lattice.
    • To characterize the crystallographic nature, including twinning, of the synthesized salt.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
    • Hydrogen bond analysis (N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O) was performed using crystallographic data.

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    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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  • Racemic twin analysis was conducted to determine the domain ratio.

    • Main Results:

    • The crystal structure consists of 2C(6)H(7)FN(+) cations and SO(4)(2-) anions.
    • Hydrogen bonds, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O, link cations and anions into sheets parallel to the ab plane.
    • The crystal was identified as a racemic twin with a domain ratio of 0.50:0.50.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing is governed by specific hydrogen bonding networks.
    • The formation of a racemic twin is a key crystallographic feature of this molecular salt.
    • This structural information is vital for understanding the solid-state properties of fluorinated amine sulfates.