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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.

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(3S,12R,20S,24R)-20,24-Ep-oxy-dammarane-3,12,25-triol.

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6-Benzyl 4-ethyl 2-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-4,6-di-carboxyl-ate.

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N-Cyclo-propyl-N-[2-(2,4-difluoro-phen-yl)-2-hy-droxy-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)prop-yl]-2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-pyrimidin-1-yl)acetamide dichloro-methane 0.62-solvate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

7-Benzyl-2,7-diaza-spiro-[4.4]nonan-1-one.

Huan-Mei Guo1

  • 1Microscale Science Institute, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|November 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the molecular structure of a novel compound, C(14)H(18)N(2)O. The research highlights the unique envelope conformations of its spiro-linked rings and their crystal packing via hydrogen bonds.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
  • Spirocyclic compounds, featuring two rings sharing a single atom, exhibit unique conformational behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the precise molecular and crystal structure of the compound C(14)H(18)N(2)O.
  • To investigate the conformational preferences of the spiro-linked five-membered rings.
  • To characterize the intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
  • Conformational analysis was performed on the heterocyclic rings.

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Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
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Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

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Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
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Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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  • Analysis of intermolecular forces, specifically hydrogen bonding, was conducted.

    • Main Results:

    • The compound C(14)H(18)N(2)O was structurally characterized, revealing specific envelope conformations for both spiro-linked five-membered rings.
    • A dihedral angle of 80.46(8)° was measured between the two key four-atom planes.
    • The crystal structure exhibits N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of C(4) chains propagating along the [010] direction.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural description of C(14)H(18)N(2)O, emphasizing its unique spirocyclic nature and conformational characteristics.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network offers insights into the solid-state behavior and potential supramolecular assembly of this compound.