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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Fluctuating hydrodynamics in a vertically vibrated granular fluid with gravity.

Giulio Costantini1, Andrea Puglisi

  • 1CNR-ISC and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|November 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

We studied hydrodynamic fluctuations in a 2D granular fluid, finding that velocity modes decay exponentially, similar to equilibrium fluids. An effective model explains these deviations using two noise terms.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Granular Materials

Background:

  • Granular fluids exhibit complex behaviors distinct from molecular fluids.
  • Understanding hydrodynamic fluctuations is key to characterizing granular material dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate hydrodynamic fluctuations in a 2D granular fluid under vibration and gravity.
  • Analyze transverse velocity modes and their decay characteristics.
  • Develop an effective fluctuating hydrodynamics model.

Main Methods:

  • Excitation of a 2D granular fluid using a vibrating base.
  • Measurement of fluctuations in thin horizontal layers.
  • Analysis of velocity mode autocorrelations and structure factor.

Main Results:

  • Observed exponential decay of mode autocorrelations, consistent with vorticity diffusion.
  • Deviations from equilibrium behavior in the velocity structure factor.
  • Effective fluctuating hydrodynamics model accurately reproduces results with two noise terms.

Conclusions:

  • Vorticity diffusion governs large-time decay of hydrodynamic fluctuations.
  • Anisotropic noise terms are necessary to capture granular fluid dynamics.
  • The study provides insights into non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of granular systems.