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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

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Published on: July 24, 2021

X-ray-induced water vaporization.

B M Weon¹, J S Lee, J H Je

¹X-ray Imaging Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Pohang 790-784, South Korea. bmweon@hotmail.com

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|November 9, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray irradiation causes water vaporization through photoionization, with vapor reversibly condensing when irradiation stops. This discovery is crucial for understanding radiological and electrohydrodynamic processes.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Water vaporization is typically induced by heat.
The interaction of X-rays with matter can lead to ionization.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential for X-ray-induced water vaporization.
To quantify the rate of vaporization and condensation under X-ray irradiation.

Main Methods:

Irradiating water with 1-Å wavelength X-rays at an intensity of ~0.1 photons per Å(2).
Observing and quantifying water vaporization and condensation phenomena.
Measuring the rate of vaporization.

Main Results:

Quantitative evidence of X-ray-induced water vaporization was observed.
Water was vaporized at a rate of 5.5 pL/s.
Water vapor reversibly condensed upon cessation of X-ray irradiation.

Conclusions:

Photoionization fundamentally induces water vaporization.
The phenomenon is attributed to ionization-induced surface-tension reduction.
This finding has universal importance in radiological and electrohydrodynamic applications.