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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Magnetic Vector Potential

Magnetic Vector Potential

In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
Consider an ideal solenoid with n turns per unit length and radius R. If I is the current through the solenoid, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is expressed as the product of vacuum...

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Energy In A Magnetic Field

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If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this energy is not dissipated via the circuit's resistance, it is stored in the field.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

A 100 KW Class Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster

A 100 KW Class Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster

Published on: December 22, 2018

Wakefield generation in magnetized plasmas.

Amol Holkundkar¹, Gert Brodin, Mattias Marklund

¹Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. amol.holkundkar@physics.umu.se

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|November 9, 2011

Summary

Strong magnetic fields significantly alter plasma wakefield generation. When the electron cyclotron frequency exceeds the plasma frequency, broadband spectra and enhanced pulse loss occur, deviating from moderate field results.

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Area of Science:

Plasma Physics
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Astrophysics

Background:

Wakefield generation in plasmas is crucial for particle acceleration.
The influence of strong magnetic fields on plasma waves is not fully understood.
Previous studies focused on moderate magnetic field strengths.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate wakefield generation in plasmas under strong magnetic fields.
To analyze the effect of electron cyclotron frequency relative to plasma frequency.
To develop theoretical models for observed phenomena.

Main Methods:

Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations were employed.
Electromagnetic pulses propagated perpendicular to a strong magnetic field.
Analysis focused on the wakefield wave number spectrum and pulse loss rate.

Main Results:

Moderate magnetic fields reproduced previous findings with a peak at the inverse skin depth.
Stronger fields (cyclotron frequency >> plasma frequency) resulted in broadband wakefield spectra.
Enhanced driving pulse loss was observed in the strong field regime.

Conclusions:

The electron cyclotron frequency significantly impacts plasma wakefield characteristics.
A weakly nonlinear interaction model can reproduce the observed phenomena.
Findings have implications for understanding wave-particle interactions in magnetized plasmas.