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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

2-[4-(2-Formyl-phen-oxy)-but-oxy]-benzaldehyde.

Aliakbar Dehno Khalaji, Salar Hafez Ghoran, Kazuma Gotoh

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|November 9, 2011

Summary

The crystal structure of C(18)H(18)O(4) reveals a planar molecule generated by an inversion center. Molecules form sheets via intermolecular C-H⋯O interactions, impacting crystal packing.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Solid-state chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular structure and intermolecular forces is crucial in materials science.
Crystal engineering aims to design materials with specific properties based on molecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine and analyze the crystal structure of the title compound, C(18)H(18)O(4).
To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing the solid-state packing.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to elucidate the three-dimensional structure.
Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, was performed.

Main Results:

The crystal structure of C(18)H(18)O(4) was determined, revealing a full molecule generated by an inversion center.

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The molecule exhibits a nearly planar conformation with a low root-mean-square deviation for non-hydrogen atoms.

Intermolecular C-H⋯O interactions link the molecules into a sheet structure parallel to the (02) plane.

Conclusions:

The crystal packing of C(18)H(18)O(4) is dictated by specific intermolecular C-H⋯O interactions.
The planar nature of the molecule and its arrangement in sheets are key features of its solid-state structure.