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Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: neuromuscular (NM/NM/N1) and neuronal (NN/NN/N2). The two families differ based on their location and selectivity to...

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

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Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Localization of Plasma Membrane and Intracellular Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Using Quantitative Imaging in Mammalian Cells

Localization of Plasma Membrane and Intracellular Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Using Quantitative Imaging in Mammalian Cells

Published on: December 19, 2025

6-Methyl-nicotinic acid.

Mei-Ling Pan¹, Yang-Hui Luo, Shu-Lin Mao

¹Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|November 9, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that the crystal structure of C(7)H(7)NO(2) exhibits significant π-π stacking between pyridine rings. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding also influences the crystal packing, contributing to its stability.

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Area of Science:

Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular interactions in the solid state is crucial for materials science.
Pyridine derivatives are common motifs in pharmaceuticals and functional materials.
Crystal packing forces dictate macroscopic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(7)H(7)NO(2).
To investigate the intermolecular interactions, including π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding, within the crystal lattice.
To provide insights into the factors governing the solid-state arrangement of this organic molecule.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional molecular structure.
Analysis of atomic coordinates and bond lengths/angles.
Identification and characterization of non-covalent interactions (π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding).

Main Results:

The non-hydrogen atoms of C(7)H(7)NO(2) are nearly coplanar, with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.0087 Å.
Evidence of π-π stacking was observed between parallel pyridine rings of adjacent molecules, with a face-to-face distance of 3.466(17) Å.
Intermolecular O-H⋯N and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified, contributing to the crystal structure.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding.
The observed coplanarity and packing arrangement suggest specific electronic and steric factors at play.
This structural information is valuable for predicting and designing materials with tailored properties based on pyridine motifs.