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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

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Related Experiment Video

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'Sensing' the link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Hubert Tsui1, Geoffrey Paltser, Yin Chan

  • 1The Research Institute, Hospital For Sick Children, University of Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. hubert.tsui@utoronto.ca

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
|November 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1+) sensory neurons are implicated in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. These neurons may also link type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through shared inflammatory and metabolic pathways.

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Published on: May 6, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Obesity-associated insulin resistance is central to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • Insulin resistance is also observed in type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1+) sensory neurons are implicated in T1D islet inflammation and glucose metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of TRPV1 in non-obese diabetic (NOD) T1D pathogenesis.
  • To highlight commonalities suggesting TRPV1's role in obesity and T2D.
  • To propose TRPV1+ sensory nerves as a link between T1D and T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TRPV1, T1D, T2D, and obesity.
  • Analysis of findings from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse models.
  • Integration of recent discoveries on adipose infiltrating lymphocytes in metabolic disease.

Main Results:

  • TRPV1+ sensory neurons play a role in T1D pathogenesis.
  • Similarities exist between T1D and T2D metabolic and immunologic features.
  • Sensory innervation of adipose tissue may mirror islet innervation in T1D.

Conclusions:

  • TRPV1+ sensory nerves may contribute to obesity and T2D.
  • Adipose tissue innervation by sensory nerves could modulate inflammation and neuroendocrine homeostasis.
  • TRPV1+ sensory nerves represent a potential pathoaetiological link between T1D and T2D.