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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Accessing the Porcine Brain via High-Speed Pneumatic Drill Craniectomy
04:26

Accessing the Porcine Brain via High-Speed Pneumatic Drill Craniectomy

Published on: July 5, 2024

Craniostenosis.

Chidambaram Balasubramaniam1, Santosh M Rao

  • 1Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences
|November 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Craniostenosis management is evolving, with surgical indications often misunderstood. This review discusses two decades of surgical experience and challenges in treating pediatric craniostenosis.

Keywords:
Craniostenosisplagiocephalyscaphocephaly

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Craniostenosis, premature fusion of cranial sutures, is a significant pediatric neurosurgical issue.
  • Current management strategies for craniostenosis are continually evolving.
  • Misconceptions regarding surgical indications persist, impacting patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving management of craniostenosis.
  • To clarify indications for surgical intervention in pediatric craniostenosis.
  • To share insights from extensive surgical experience.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of surgical cases.
  • Analysis of long-term patient outcomes.
  • Discussion of encountered surgical challenges and solutions.

Main Results:

  • Detailed discussion of surgical techniques and their evolution over 20 years.
  • Identification of common pitfalls and their resolutions.
  • Emphasis on refined indications for surgical correction.

Conclusions:

  • Craniostenosis management requires ongoing adaptation and clear surgical criteria.
  • Experience-based insights are crucial for optimizing pediatric craniostenosis treatment.
  • Addressing misconceptions improves surgical decision-making and patient outcomes.