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Related Concept Videos

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments

The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments01:11

Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments

The polymerization of G-actin monomers into filamentous F-actin is a multi-step process. Once the F-actins are formed, they can bundle together in different arrangements to form higher-order networks and regulate cellular functions. Common examples include the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia at the cell's leading edge by actin reorganization in a migrating cell. The microvilli on the brush border epithelial cells are also formed through the F-actin network.
The high-order actin networks...
Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight actin...
Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
Introduction to Actin01:26

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across different species.
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops
06:48

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops

Published on: July 11, 2025

Nuclear actin-related proteins take shape.

Sebastian Fenn1, Christian B Gerhold, Karl-Peter Hopfner

  • 1Department of Biochemistry; Munich, Germany.

Bioarchitecture
|November 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear actin

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nuclear actin's function remains largely unknown.
  • Actin is a component of chromatin-modifying complexes.
  • Filamentous actin plays roles in nuclear processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural and functional properties of nuclear actin-related proteins.
  • To understand the interaction of actin-related proteins with actin monomers.
  • To elucidate the role of nuclear actin in chromatin modification and nuclear actin dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Crystal structure determination of S. cerevisiae Arp4.
  • In vitro activity assays of Arp4 and Arp8.
  • Analysis of actin monomer stabilization and integration into the INO80 complex.

More Related Videos

Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin
08:57

Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin

Published on: July 30, 2014

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos
07:57

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos

Published on: May 15, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops
06:48

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops

Published on: July 11, 2025

Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin
08:57

Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin

Published on: July 30, 2014

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos
07:57

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos

Published on: May 15, 2020

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of Arp4 reveals it cannot form filaments and is bound to ATP.
  • Arp4 and Arp8 stabilize monomeric actin in vitro.
  • These proteins integrate actin monomers stoichiometrically into the INO80 complex.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear actin-related proteins Arp4 and Arp8 play a role in stabilizing actin monomers.
  • Their integration into the INO80 complex suggests a function in chromatin modification.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand nuclear actin dynamics and its regulation.