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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
16:49

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Recombination in hepatitis C virus.

Fernando González-Candelas1, F Xavier López-Labrador, María Alma Bracho

  • 1Unidad Mixta "Genómica y Salud" CSISP, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain. fernando.gonzalez@uv.es

Viruses
|November 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombination, where different genome segments combine, is rare but challenging to detect. Understanding this genetic diversity is crucial for developing new treatments for this global liver disease.

Keywords:
breakpointcongruencehomoplasyphylogenetic treesuperinfection

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
16:49

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Published on: July 16, 2012

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a Flavivirus, infects nearly 200 million globally, causing significant liver disease.
  • HCV exhibits high genetic diversity, classified into six genotypes and approximately 80 subtypes, influencing clinical outcomes and treatment responses.
  • Recombination in HCV, involving the exchange of genetic material between different strains, has been reported infrequently since its initial discovery in 2002.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on Hepatitis C virus recombination.
  • To discuss the challenges in unequivocally establishing HCV recombination.
  • To analyze the potential clinical implications of HCV recombination, particularly concerning new therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reported cases of HCV recombination.
  • Analysis of methodologies used to detect and confirm HCV recombination.
  • Examination of the genetic diversity and evolutionary mechanisms of HCV.

Main Results:

  • HCV recombination occurs at multiple levels: between genotypes, subtypes, and even strains within the same subtype.
  • Establishing definitive evidence for HCV recombination is analytically challenging.
  • The frequency and full extent of HCV recombination remain incompletely understood.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic diversity of HCV, including recombination, presents challenges for accurate detection and characterization.
  • Understanding HCV recombination is essential for predicting viral evolution and treatment efficacy.
  • Further research into HCV recombination mechanisms and clinical impact is warranted, especially with emerging therapies.