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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
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Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

Positively charged lanthanide complexes with cyclen-based ligands: synthesis, solid-state and solution structure, and

Luís M P Lima1, Alexandre Lecointre, Jean-François Morfin

  • 1Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521/IFR148 ScInBioS, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France.

Inorganic Chemistry
|November 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

New cyclen-based ligands and their lanthanide complexes were synthesized and studied. Fluoride binding was surprisingly weak in solution but chloride occupied coordination sites in crystals.

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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
07:24

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

Published on: April 14, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
10:10

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
07:24

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

Published on: April 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Lanthanide Chemistry

Background:

  • Cyclen-based ligands are crucial in coordination chemistry.
  • Lanthanide complexes exhibit unique photophysical and structural properties.
  • Understanding anion binding is vital for designing functional molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Synthesize and characterize new cyclen-based ligands and their lanthanide complexes.
  • Investigate the structure, dynamics, and solution behavior of these complexes.
  • Compare the properties of the new ligand with a previously reported analogue.
  • Elucidate the mechanism and strength of fluoride binding.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of cyclen-based ligands and lanthanide(III) complexes.
  • Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations for structure and dynamics.
  • Luminescence lifetime measurements in H(2)O and D(2)O.
  • Absorption and luminescence spectroscopy for anion binding studies.
  • X-ray crystallography for solid-state structure determination.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a new cyclen-based ligand L(2) and its lanthanide complexes.
  • NMR and DFT studies revealed structural and dynamic characteristics in solution.
  • Luminescence data indicated the presence of an inner-sphere water molecule.
  • Fluoride binding to L(2) complexes was found to be weak (log K = 1.4 ± 0.1).
  • X-ray structures showed chloride coordination in solution-based complexes and a bridging fluoride in the L(1) analogue.
  • Unique linear Eu-F-Eu bridging and anion encapsulation via π-π stacking and C-H···F interactions were observed for the L(1) complex.

Conclusions:

  • The new cyclen-based ligand L(2) forms stable lanthanide complexes with distinct solution and solid-state structures.
  • The ligand framework influences anion binding, with weaker fluoride interaction compared to related systems.
  • Structural diversity and supramolecular interactions play key roles in anion encapsulation within lanthanide complexes.