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Systematic review of cardiovascular disease in women: assessing the risk
Linda Worrall-Carter1, Chantal Ski, Elizabeth Scruth
1St Vincent's/ACU Centre for Nursing Research, Australian Catholic University, 486 Albert Street, Melbourne, Australia. linda.worrall-carter@acu.edu.au
Insights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects women differently, often presenting later with more comorbidities and atypical symptoms. Recognizing these sex differences is crucial for improving diagnosis and outcomes in female patients.
Area of Science:
- Medical research
- Cardiology
- Women's health
Background:
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality for women globally.
- Identifying sex-specific risk factors and increasing awareness are vital for reducing CVD burden in women.
- Current understanding and clinical practice often overlook crucial gender-based differences in CVD presentation and progression.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and examine the cardiovascular disease risk factors in women.
- To highlight the sex differences in CVD presentation, risk, and diagnosis.
- To emphasize the need for sex-specific considerations in research and clinical practice for improved female patient outcomes.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature search was conducted across major health databases.
- Search terms included "cardiovascular disease" AND "women" OR "gender".
- A total of 58 relevant articles were reviewed, supplemented by manual reference identification.
Main Results:
- Cardiovascular disease typically manifests approximately 10 years later in women than in men.
- Women often present with more comorbidities by the time of CVD diagnosis, increasing their risk.
- Atypical symptoms in women can lead to diagnostic delays and misdiagnosis, complicating disease management.
Conclusions:
- Increased awareness of sex differentiation in CVD risk factors and symptom presentation is evident.
- Sex-specific aspects of CVD require more intensive consideration in both research and clinical practice.
- Tailoring approaches based on sex differences is essential for enhancing clinical outcomes for female cardiovascular disease patients.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death for women. In an effort to reduce cardiovascular burden for women, identifying risk factors and increasing awareness of sex differences are fundamental. This systematic review examines cardiovascular disease risk for women. A search of the literature was undertaken using key health databases. Search terms used were cardiovascular disease AND women OR gender. Additional references were manually identified from this literature; 58 articles were reviewed in total. On average, cardiovascular disease presents 10 years later in women compared to men. By this time, they are more likely to suffer from more comorbidities, placing them at higher risk. The complexity of cardiovascular disease identification in women is accentuated through atypical symptoms, and has the potential to lead to delayed and/or misdiagnosis. It is clear through identifying sex differentiation in cardiovascular risk factors that there has been an increased awareness of symptom presentation for women. In light of the sex differences in risk factors, sex-specific aspects should be more intensively considered in research/practice to improve clinical outcomes for female cardiovascular disease patients.
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