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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

In vitro Mutagenesis

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

In-vitro Mutagenesis

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

NANOG priming before full reprogramming may generate germ cell tumours.

I Grad¹, Y Hibaoui, M Jaconi

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.

European Cells & Materials

|November 11, 2011

Summary

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer therapeutic potential but share traits with cancer cells. This study highlights NANOG

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Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Cancer research
Cellular reprogramming

Background:

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold promise for patient-specific therapies, but their similarity to cancer cells necessitates careful discrimination.
Understanding the factors that govern pluripotency and tumorigenicity is crucial for safe iPSC applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of NANOG in cellular reprogramming and its potential link to tumorigenicity.
To compare the characteristics of iPSC lines with varying differentiation potentials.

Main Methods:

Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines using NANOG pre-transduction followed by OCT3/4, SOX2, and LIN28 overexpression.
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis to assess genetic stability.
In vivo differentiation assays and analysis of p53/p21 expression ratios.

Main Results:

One iPSC line (CHiPS W) exhibited normal pluripotent characteristics, while the other (CHiPS A) showed pluripotency markers but failed to differentiate and formed tumors in vivo.
CGH analysis indicated greater genetic stability in iPSCs compared to human embryonic stem cells and predicted differentiation potential.
The tumor-forming iPSC line (CHiPS A) displayed a lower p53/p21 ratio compared to the normal iPSC line (CHiPS W).

Conclusions:

The study emphasizes the need to re-evaluate NANOG's role during reprogramming, as its pre-induction correlated with a tumor-inducing phenotype.
The findings suggest that this reprogramming method could offer insights into primordial germ cell tumor formation and cancer stem cell transformation.