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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

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Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
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Negative correlation between expression level and evolutionary rate of long intergenic noncoding RNAs.

David Managadze1, Igor B Rogozin, Diana Chernikova

  • 1National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|November 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) evolve similarly to protein-coding genes, with higher expression linked to slower evolutionary rates. This suggests a general principle of gene evolution influenced by factors like molecular misfolding.

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Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian genomes encode numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with largely unknown functions.
  • lncRNA evolution is constrained by purifying selection, though weakly.
  • Protein-coding genes exhibit a negative correlation between evolutionary rate and expression level, explained by the misfolding-driven protein evolution hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) exhibit a similar evolutionary trend as protein-coding genes.
  • To explore the relationship between lincRNA expression, evolutionary rate, and molecular folding.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of lincRNA and protein-coding gene evolutionary rates and expression levels in humans and mice.
  • Statistical correlation analysis to assess relationships between evolutionary rate, expression, and predicted base-pairing (folding).

Main Results:

  • A moderate, statistically significant negative correlation was found between the evolutionary rate and expression level of human and mouse lincRNA genes.
  • The magnitude of this correlation for lincRNAs is comparable to that of protein-coding genes with similar conservation levels.
  • lincRNA expression level is significantly and positively correlated with predicted molecular folding, with independent contributions from evolutionary rate and folding.

Conclusions:

  • The negative correlation between evolutionary rate and expression level is a general feature of gene evolution, applicable to both protein-coding and noncoding RNAs.
  • Deleterious effects of molecular misfolding (in proteins and RNAs) and/or other factors like interaction partner number may drive this evolutionary pattern.
  • lncRNAs, like proteins, may be subject to constraints related to expression level and molecular stability.