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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches
13:36

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Published on: May 6, 2015

Adenovirus serotype 5-specific neutralizing antibodies target multiple hexon hypervariable regions.

Ritu R Bradley1, Lori F Maxfield, Diana M Lynch

  • 1Division of Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Journal of Virology
|November 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector immunogenicity is reduced by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Replacing all hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs) is necessary to evade pre-existing Ad5 immunity, crucial for vaccine and gene therapy vector development.

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A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
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A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
04:47

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Published on: February 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors are widely used in vaccines and gene therapy.
  • Pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against Ad5 can limit vector efficacy.
  • NAbs primarily target the hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the Ad5 capsid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific Ad5 hypervariable regions (HVRs) targeted by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs).
  • To determine if partial HVR exchange is sufficient for evading Ad5 immunity.
  • To inform the design of Ad5-based vectors with improved immunogenicity profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of partial HVR-chimeric Ad5 vectors with subsets of HVRs exchanged.
  • Assessment of NAb binding and neutralization activity against these chimeric vectors.
  • Evaluation of vector immunogenicity in murine models with and without pre-existing Ad5 immunity.

Main Results:

  • Ad5-specific NAbs were found to target multiple HVRs within the hexon protein.
  • Partial HVR exchange did not fully abrogate NAb recognition or evasion of Ad5 immunity.
  • Complete replacement of all seven HVRs was required for optimal evasion of anti-Ad5 immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Evasion of Ad5 immunity necessitates targeting multiple HVRs.
  • Complete HVR replacement is a key strategy for developing Ad5 vectors that overcome pre-existing immunity.
  • These findings are critical for advancing the development of next-generation Ad5-based vaccines and gene therapies.