Nasal surgery in patients with systemic disorders

Multisystemic disorders represent a heterogenous group of diseases which can primarily manifest at the nose and paranasal sinuses as limited disease or secondarily as part of systemic involvement. Rhinologists therefore play an important role in the diagnostic but also therapeutic process. Although therapy of multisystemic disorders is primary systemic, additional rhinosurgery may become necessary. The spectrum of procedures consists of sinus surgery, surgery of the orbit and lacrimal duct, septorhinoplasty and closure of nasal septal perforation. Since the prevalence of most systemic diseases is very rare, recommendations are based on the analysis of single case reports and case series with a limited number of patients only. Although data is still limited, experiences published so far have shown that autologous cartilage or bone grafts can be used in nasal reconstruction of deformities caused by tuberculosis, leprosy, Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis and relapsing polychondritis. Experiences gained from these diseases support the concept that well-established techniques of septorhinoplasty can be used in systemic diseases as well. However, a state of remission is an essential condition before considering any rhinosurgery in these patients. Even under these circumstances revision surgery has to be expected more frequently compared to the typical collective of patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. In addition, experiences gained from saddle nose reconstruction may in part be of value for the treatment of nasal septal perforations since implantation of cartilage grafts often represents an essential step in multilayer techniques of closure of nasal septal perforations. Aside from the treatment of orbital complications sinus surgery has been proven beneficial in reducing nasal symptoms and increasing quality of life in patients refractory to systemic treatment.