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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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A point mutation in translation initiation factor eIF2B leads to function--and time-specific changes in brain gene

Liraz Marom1, Igor Ulitsky, Yuval Cabilly

  • 1Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Plos One
|November 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A mutation in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) significantly alters global gene expression in the developing brain. This study reveals unique, time-specific gene signatures in a mouse model of Childhood Ataxia with CNS Hypomyelination (CACH/VWM).

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

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Published on: May 10, 2018

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

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Published on: August 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Childhood Ataxia with CNS Hypomyelination (CACH), or Vanishing White Matter disease (VWM), is caused by mutations in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B).
  • eIF2B acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for eIF2, crucial for initiating protein synthesis.
  • A specific R132H mutation in eIF2B, reducing its activity by 20%, causes delayed brain development in a mouse model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the global gene expression changes in the brain caused by the R132H eIF2B mutation.
  • To analyze the transcriptome during critical early postnatal developmental stages in a CACH/VWM mouse model.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide mRNA expression profiling of wild-type and mutant mice.
  • Analysis at postnatal days 1, 18, and 21, covering key brain development phases.

Main Results:

  • Between 441 and 818 genes were differentially expressed in the mutant brain at each time point.
  • Minimal overlap in differentially expressed genes across time points, indicating unique signatures.
  • Distinct gene expression patterns were observed at early proliferation (P1) and peak myelination (P18, P21) stages.

Conclusions:

  • A single point mutation in eIF2B profoundly impacts global brain gene expression.
  • Altered expression patterns suggest indirect effects accumulating with brain maturation.
  • Differentially expressed genes indicate delayed gene expression waves and cellular stress adaptation.