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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

[Refractory thyroid cancers].

Martin Schlumberger1, Cécile Chougnet, Eric Baudin

  • 1Institut Gustave-Roussy, université Paris-Sud, service de médecine nucléaire et d'oncologie endocrinienne, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France. schlumbg@igr.fr

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|November 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Kinase inhibitors show effectiveness in treating refractory thyroid cancers, including medullary and differentiated types. These targeted therapies offer long-term stabilization or partial response in over half of selected patients with advanced disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Refractory thyroid cancers, including medullary, differentiated, and anaplastic types, present significant treatment challenges.
  • These rare cancers are often locally advanced, metastatic, or radio-iodine-refractory, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of kinase inhibitors in managing refractory thyroid cancers.
  • To identify patient populations who may benefit most from these targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data on kinase inhibitor use in patients with refractory thyroid cancers.
  • Analysis of treatment response, including partial response and long-term stabilization.
  • Assessment of treatment-related toxicities.

Main Results:

  • Kinase inhibitors targeting VEGF receptors and MAPkinase pathways demonstrated efficacy in differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers.
  • Over half of the patients experienced partial response or long-term disease stabilization.
  • Significant toxicities were observed, highlighting the need for careful patient selection.

Conclusions:

  • Kinase inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic option for selected patients with refractory thyroid and medullary thyroid cancers.
  • Careful patient selection is crucial due to the significant toxicity profile of these agents.
  • Further research and management within specialized networks like TUTHYREF are recommended.