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Related Concept Videos

Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Assessing Iron Deposition in the Brains of 5xFAD Mice by Perls'/DAB Staining
07:32

Assessing Iron Deposition in the Brains of 5xFAD Mice by Perls'/DAB Staining

Published on: May 23, 2025

Transition metal abnormalities in progressive dementias.

Hiroyasu Akatsu1, Akira Hori, Takayuki Yamamoto

  • 1Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan.

Biometals : an International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine
|November 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients showed significantly lower copper levels in brain tissues. This finding suggests that altered metal concentrations, particularly copper reduction, may serve as a biomarker for AD diagnosis.

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Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)
09:05

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Published on: January 22, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Assessing Iron Deposition in the Brains of 5xFAD Mice by Perls'/DAB Staining
07:32

Assessing Iron Deposition in the Brains of 5xFAD Mice by Perls'/DAB Staining

Published on: May 23, 2025

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)
09:05

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Published on: January 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Abnormal brain metal distributions are implicated in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Transition metals such as iron, zinc, and copper play crucial roles in brain function and are implicated in neurodegeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the concentrations of transition metals (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, chromium, cadmium) in brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.
  • To determine if metal levels can serve as diagnostic markers for AD.

Main Methods:

  • Quantification of total metal concentrations (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Al, Cr, Cd) in post-mortem hippocampus and amygdala tissues.
  • Comparison of metal levels between AD patients, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients, and control groups.
  • Statistical analysis to identify significant differences and assess statistical power.

Main Results:

  • A significant, approximately 50% reduction in total copper levels was observed in both the hippocampus and amygdala of AD patients.
  • Iron levels were elevated by 38% in the amygdala of AD patients but showed no significant change in the hippocampus.
  • No statistically significant deviations were found for zinc, manganese, chromium, or aluminum concentrations in AD tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced copper levels in the hippocampus and amygdala may represent a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Observed metal distribution changes, particularly copper reduction, warrant further investigation for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in AD.