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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Current Density01:21

Current Density

The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
Charge on a Conductor01:26

Charge on a Conductor

An interesting property of a conductor in static equilibrium is that extra charges on the conductor end up on its outer surface, regardless of where they originate. Consider a hollow metallic conductor with a uniform surface charge density. Since the conductor itself is in electrostatic equilibrium, there should not be any electric field inside the conductor. Now, assume a Gaussian surface enclosing the hollow portion. Applying Gauss's law, the inner surface of the hollow conductor will not...
Conductors and Insulators01:19

Conductors and Insulators

Some materials may easily let electrical charges pass through them, while others obstruct their flow. The former are called conductors and the latter insulators. The atomic structures of materials determine whether they are conductors or insulators of electricity.
Most metals are conductors. Their atomic configuration is such that one or more electron(s) are loosely bound to the nucleus in each atom. Thus, a sea of mobile electrons are available in them, known as free electrons. Their easy...
Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation01:28

Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation

The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect. According to this equation,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Conductive dense hydrogen.

M I Eremets1, I A Troyan

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, PO Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany. m.eremets@mpic.de

Nature Materials
|November 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers transformed molecular hydrogen into a metallic state at room temperature and high pressures. This metallic hydrogen may be a novel quantum superfluid and could potentially be recovered at ambient pressures.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • High-Pressure Physics

Background:

  • Molecular hydrogen is predicted to become metallic under extreme pressures.
  • Previous experiments at low temperatures failed to induce metallization, with hydrogen remaining an insulator.
  • The potential for high-temperature superconductivity in metallic hydrogen is a significant theoretical prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metallization of molecular hydrogen at room temperature.
  • To characterize the properties of hydrogen under pressures exceeding 200 GPa.
  • To determine if metallic hydrogen can be stabilized or recovered at lower pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted at room temperature (295 K) using diamond anvil cells to achieve pressures up to 300 GPa.
  • Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in molecular vibrations.
  • Electrical conductivity and optical reflectivity measurements were performed to assess metallization.

Main Results:

  • At 200 GPa, Raman spectroscopy showed strong molecular interactions.
  • Above 220 GPa, hydrogen became opaque and electrically conductive.
  • At 260-270 GPa, hydrogen transformed into a metal, exhibiting sharp conductance increase and light reflectivity.
  • The metallic phase reverted to molecular hydrogen upon pressure release at room temperature, indicating a first-order phase transition.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular hydrogen can be transformed into a metallic state at room temperature and high pressures (around 260-270 GPa).
  • The observed hysteresis suggests a structural transition, possibly to a monatomic liquid state.
  • These findings pave the way for studying the properties of metallic hydrogen and its potential applications.