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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Endothelial dysfunction as a cellular mechanism for vascular failure.

Tetsuaki Hirase1, Koichi Node

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
|November 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Vascular failure, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, underlies cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. Understanding endothelial barrier and microtubule dysfunction offers new therapeutic targets for these conditions.

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Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
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Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Published on: October 22, 2014

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
08:42

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Published on: October 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Endothelial Cell Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Vascular tone, permeability, and thromboresistance are crucial for circulation.
  • Atherogenic stimuli (diabetes, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress) cause vascular dysfunction, leading to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  • A novel concept, "vascular failure," is proposed to encompass vascular dysfunction contributing to CVDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively recognize vascular dysfunction contributing to cardiovascular diseases.
  • To investigate the barrier and microtubule functions of endothelial cells in the context of vascular failure.
  • To elucidate molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction for novel therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on endothelial barrier function, regulated by cell-to-cell junctions, small GTPases, and kinases.
  • Focus on endothelial microtubule function, regulated by tubulin acetylation.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key cellular mechanism contributing to vascular failure.
  • Endothelial barrier function is modulated by specific molecular pathways.
  • Microtubule function, specifically tubulin acetylation, is affected by atherogenic stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction provides insight into vascular failure.
  • Understanding endothelial cell behavior is critical for developing new therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Targeting endothelial dysfunction may offer novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis and related conditions.