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Related Concept Videos

In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group effort.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...
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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

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Related Experiment Video

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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

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Published on: November 30, 2018

Facing Europe: visualizing spontaneous in-group projection.

Roland Imhoff1, Ron Dotsch, Mauro Bianchi

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Germany. rimhoff@uni-bonn.de

Psychological Science
|November 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

People visually represent their own national group as more typical of a shared European identity. This in-group projection effect occurred even when participants denied national typicality, highlighting visual bias in social perception.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Perception

Background:

  • In-group projection describes the tendency to view one's own group as more representative of a shared identity.
  • This phenomenon has been established using self-report and indirect measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate in-group projection within the visual domain of faces.
  • To examine how national identity influences visual representations of superordinate European identity.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a reverse-correlation technique to analyze visual representations of faces.
  • Utilized German and Portuguese participants to assess perceptions of European facial identity.

Main Results:

  • Participants' visual representations of European faces aligned with their own national identity's typical appearance.
  • This in-group projection effect persisted even when participants verbally rejected national typicality.
  • Study 2 demonstrated that in-group projection is limited to inclusive superordinate groups, not observed for non-inclusive categories.

Conclusions:

  • Visual representations are subject to in-group projection, influencing perceptions of shared identities.
  • The findings support the in-group projection model and validate the use of reverse-correlation for studying visual social cognition.