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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
06:11

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

Occipitocervical fusion.

Ben J Garrido1, Rick C Sasso

  • 1Lake Norman Orthopedic Spine Center, Mooresville, NC, USA.

The Orthopedic Clinics of North America
|November 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New rigid occipitocervical fixation offers secure anchorage, improving fusion rates and reducing complications compared to older methods. Understanding anatomy is crucial for safe surgical outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
06:11

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Spinal Surgery

Background:

  • Occipitocervical fixation has evolved significantly.
  • Traditional methods often required external orthoses and had limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in rigid occipitocervical instrumentation.
  • To highlight the benefits and challenges associated with new technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on occipitocervical fixation techniques.
  • Analysis of outcomes associated with rigid screw-rod constructs.

Main Results:

  • Rigid occipitocervical instrumentation provides secure fixation and higher fusion rates.
  • Elimination of rigid external orthoses and reduced immobilization complications observed.
  • Improved patient outcomes compared to nonrigid techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Modern rigid occipitocervical stabilization offers superior results.
  • New challenges and techniques accompany these advancements.
  • Comprehensive knowledge of cervical anatomy is vital for surgical success.