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Updated: May 27, 2026

Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
Published on: November 20, 2016
Comprehensive maternal hemorrhage protocols improve patient safety and reduce utilization of blood products
Laurence E Shields1, Kathy Smalarz, Lester Reffigee
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marian Medical Center, Santa Maria, CA, USA.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of instituting a comprehensive protocol for the treatment of maternal hemorrhage.
Study Design:
The protocol was separated into 4 stages, designated 0-3, based on the degree of blood loss and the patient response to interventions. Key components included admission risk assessment, measurement of blood loss, early but limited use of uterotonic agents, early presence of obstetrical and anesthesia staff, and transfusion with fixed ratios of blood products. Data were collected retrospectively and prospectively relative to the start of the protocol.
Results:
We noted a significant shift toward resolution of maternal bleeding at an earlier stage (P < .01), use of fewer blood products (P < .01), and a 64% reduction in the rate of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In addition, there were significant improvements in staff and physician perceptions of patient safety (P < .01).
Conclusion:
Comprehensive maternal hemorrhage treatment protocols improve patient safety and reduce utilization of blood products.
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