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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Applications of RC Circuits01:22

Applications of RC Circuits

A relaxation oscillator is one of the applications of RC circuits. A neon lamp relaxation oscillator comprises a capacitor, a resistor, a voltage source, and a lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit, with infinite resistance until the potential difference across the lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit with zero resistance, and the capacitor discharges through the lamp, thus producing light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...
Simple Pendulum01:10

Simple Pendulum

A simple pendulum consists of a small diameter ball suspended from a string, which has negligible mass but is strong enough to not stretch. In our daily life, pendulums have many uses, such as in clocks, on a swing set, and on a sinker on a fishing line.
The period of a simple pendulum depends on two factors: its length and the acceleration due to gravity. The period is completely independent of any other factors, such as mass or maximum displacement. For small displacements, a pendulum is...
Physical Pendulum01:06

Physical Pendulum

When a rigid body is hanging freely from a fixed pivot point and is displaced, it oscillates similar to a simple pendulum and is known as a physical pendulum. The period and angular frequency of a physical pendulum are obtained by using the small-angle approximation and drawing parallels with a spring-mass system. The small-angle approximation (sinθ=θ) is valid up to about 14°.
When dealing with complicated systems, the mass moment of inertia is an important parameter, as it describes the mass...

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Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
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Published on: September 27, 2012

The Renaissance or the cuckoo clock.

Jonathon Pines1, Iain Hagan

  • 1Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK. jp103@cam.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|November 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell cycle regulation resembles Switzerland

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The cell cycle is a fundamental biological process.
  • Understanding its regulation is crucial for cell biology.
  • Previous models often focused on individual components rather than system-level organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new organizational model for the cell cycle.
  • To draw parallels between cellular organization and societal structures.
  • To highlight the importance of local decision-making in robust biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual modeling based on existing cell cycle research.
  • Analogical reasoning comparing biological systems to political/social systems.
  • Literature review of cell cycle control mechanisms and cellular organization.

Main Results:

  • The cell cycle exhibits characteristics of decentralized control, similar to stable democracies.
  • Local regulatory events are coordinated to ensure overall cell cycle robustness.
  • This contrasts with highly centralized, potentially chaotic systems.

Conclusions:

  • The cell cycle is organized as a robust, decentralized system.
  • Understanding local decision-making is key to cell cycle regulation.
  • This Swiss-model analogy provides a new framework for cell cycle research.