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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Model Surgical Training: Skills Acquisition in Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Placenta Using Realistic Simulators

Model Surgical Training: Skills Acquisition in Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Placenta Using Realistic Simulators

Published on: March 21, 2018

Whatever happened to apprenticeship learning?

Gordon Caldwell¹

¹FRCP, Clinical Tutor, Worthing Hospital, Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust, Worthing, UK. caldwell@wsht.nhs.uk

The Clinical Teacher

|November 17, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Situated learning revitalizes clinical apprenticeship. This educational model enhances learning within the clinical workplace, benefiting both academics and clinicians.

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Published on: November 6, 2015

Area of Science:

Medical Education
Workplace Learning
Clinical Apprenticeship

Background:

A decade of clinical tutoring reveals a shift from apprenticeship to simulation-based learning.
This reflects a trend towards controlled assessments over practical, supervised clinical experience.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of apprenticeship or situated learning in clinical education.
To present reflections on revitalizing traditional learning models.

Main Methods:

Reflective analysis based on clinical tutoring experience.
Summary of a presentation at an educational conference on workplace learning.

Main Results:

The traditional apprenticeship model in clinical settings is declining.
There is an increased focus on classroom teaching and simulation.

Conclusions:

Situated learning offers a novel approach to revive the clinical apprenticeship model.
This educational strategy can stimulate and enhance learning directly within the clinical workplace.