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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

[Issues around melanoma].

John Haanen1

  • 1Het Nederlands Kanker Instituut-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Divisie Immunologie, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. j.haanen@nki.nl

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|November 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two new treatments, ipilimumab and vemurafenib, offer hope for metastatic melanoma. Ipilimumab boosts the immune response, while vemurafenib targets the BRAF mutation, inhibiting cancer cell growth.

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A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis
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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells
06:09

Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells

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A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis
07:41

A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis

Published on: March 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Metastatic melanoma treatment has seen limited progress over the last 30 years.
  • The BRAF mutation is a common driver of uncontrolled melanoma cell proliferation.
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) acts as an inhibitory checkpoint for T lymphocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce recent advancements in metastatic melanoma treatment.
  • To describe the mechanisms of action for ipilimumab and vemurafenib.
  • To highlight the potential of these new therapies in combating melanoma.

Main Methods:

  • Ipilimumab: A monoclonal antibody targeting CTLA4 to enhance anti-melanoma immune responses.
  • Vemurafenib: A small molecule inhibitor designed to target the mutated BRAF protein.
  • Review of recent developments in melanoma therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Ipilimumab blocks CTLA4, thereby enabling T lymphocytes to mount an immune response against melanoma.
  • Vemurafenib inhibits the mutated BRAF protein, thereby reducing uncontrolled melanoma cell proliferation.
  • These agents represent significant progress in addressing previously intractable metastatic melanoma.

Conclusions:

  • Ipilimumab and vemurafenib represent promising new therapeutic avenues for metastatic melanoma.
  • Targeting immune checkpoints (CTLA4) and specific mutations (BRAF) are effective strategies.
  • Further research and clinical application of these agents are expected to improve patient outcomes.