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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

Comparative Excretory Systems

Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this nitrogen...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...

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An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
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The urea renaissance.

Nicole Volz1, Jonathan Clayden

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Urea derivatives have rapidly evolved from unreactive compounds to versatile tools in organic chemistry. Their applications now span catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, and various synthetic transformations, showcasing recent advancements.

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Urea derivatives were historically considered unreactive and of limited value in chemical synthesis.
  • Recent years have seen a significant increase in the exploration and application of urea compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the recent and rapid advancements in the chemistry of urea derivatives.
  • To showcase the expanding utility of ureas in various organic chemistry applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on urea derivative chemistry.
  • Analysis of applications in catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, and synthetic transformations.

Main Results:

  • Urea derivatives are now recognized as valuable reagents and catalysts.

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Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

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  • Applications include hydrogen-bond donors, organocatalysts, anion transporters, and scaffolds in supramolecular chemistry.
  • Ureas serve as substrates for lithiation, amination, metalation, and rearrangement reactions.

    • Conclusions:

    • The chemistry of ureas has undergone a remarkable transformation.
    • Urea derivatives are now indispensable in modern organic synthesis and supramolecular chemistry.