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Cryo-electron Microscopy

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Electrochemotherapy of Tumours

Electrochemotherapy of Tumours

Published on: December 15, 2008

Cryosurgery with pulsed electric fields.

Charlotte S Daniels¹, Boris Rubinsky

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America. daniels.charlotte@gmail.com

|November 17, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Combining cryosurgery and pulsed electric fields (PEF) enhances cell ablation. Freezing tissue magnifies and confines PEF, targeting surviving cells and improving minimally invasive surgery.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Surgical Technology
Oncology

Background:

Cryosurgery faces limitations in completely ablating cells due to survival at sub-zero temperatures.
Pulsed electric fields (PEF) offer cell membrane permeabilization but lack real-time procedural control.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the synergistic effects of combining cryosurgery and PEF for enhanced tissue ablation.
To explore how cryosurgery influences PEF delivery and efficacy.

Main Methods:

Finite element analysis was employed to model electric fields and heat conduction during combined cryosurgery/PEF treatment.
The study simulated the impact of tissue freezing on electric field distribution.

Main Results:

Frozen/cooled tissue exhibited decreased electrical conductivity, leading to magnified electric fields compared to unfrozen tissue.
This temperature-induced effect confines and magnifies PEF, creating a targeted ablation capability.

Conclusions:

The combination of cryosurgery and PEF offers a novel approach to minimally invasive tissue ablation.
Magnified and focused PEFs in cold regions can effectively ablate cryosurgery-resistant cells, improving treatment outcomes.