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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Exposure, Response and Effect01:26

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Exposure, Response and Effect

The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationship describes the intricate link between drug exposure, efficacy, and toxicity, forming the foundation for optimal dosing regimens. This relationship uses mathematical modeling to characterize drug concentration-effect dynamics, ensuring precise therapeutic outcomes.Exposure represents the pharmacokinetic aspect of the PK-PD relationship, denoting the drug amount that elicits a biological response. It is typically quantified by administered...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems01:24

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems

The empirical approach to drug therapy optimization relies on correlating pharmacological response with administered dosage. Such an approach can be costly, time-consuming, and often yields poor correlation due to variables like formulation factors and drug elimination characteristics. A more precise approach correlates response with plasma drug concentration or the amount of drug in the body, rather than dosage. This is achieved through pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, which...
Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model01:14

Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model

The link model is a fundamental pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) approach to account for delayed drug responses when the observed effect does not immediately correlate with the drug's plasma concentration peak. This delay is mathematically addressed by introducing an effect compartment concentration, Ce, which is kinetically linked to the plasma concentration, Cp, via a first-order rate constant, ke0. The linkage allows for a more accurate prediction of drug effects over time. A higher...
Pharmacodynamic Responses: Different Types01:03

Pharmacodynamic Responses: Different Types

Pharmacodynamics is the scientific study of a drug's biochemical or physiological influence on the body. It categorizes responses into continuous, discrete (or categorical), and time-to-event outcomes. Continuous responses yield numerical values within a certain range, such as blood pressure readings and blood glucose levels, gauging the efficacy of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs. Discrete responses can be binary, indicating whether a drug has an effect or not, or ordinal, exemplifying...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Intensity of Dose-Effect Relationship01:23

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Intensity of Dose-Effect Relationship

Pharmacodynamics explores the relationship between drug concentration and its effect. In a quantal response drug, the duration of action better correlates with drug concentration, while for graded effect drugs, the intensity of response is more relevant. This intensity depends on the dose, drug removal rate, and the region of the concentration–response curve.The concentration–response curve can be divided into three regions. Region 3 (80–100% maximum response) demonstrates that even as drug...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Duration of Dose-Effect Relationship01:14

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Duration of Dose-Effect Relationship

For drugs producing a quantal response, onset occurs when plasma concentration reaches a minimum effective level (Cmin). The drug's action duration depends on how long the plasma concentration remains above Cmin.Two primary factors influence this duration: dose size and the rate of drug removal from the action site. Both depend on the drug's redistribution to poorly perfused tissues and elimination processes. A larger dose promotes rapid onset and prolongs the effect's duration.Consider a...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics in a Large Animal Model of ARDS
08:12

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics in a Large Animal Model of ARDS

Published on: November 26, 2018

The "missing" link between acute hemodynamic effect and clinical response.

Frits W Prinzen1, Angelo Auricchio

  • 1Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. frits.prinzen@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research
|November 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) effects are immediate but may not predict long-term outcomes. Reversing dyssynchrony-induced remodeling is key for maximal CRT response, suggesting a paradigm shift in treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Heart Failure Management

Background:

  • Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) provides immediate hemodynamic, mechanical, and electrical benefits.
  • Acute hemodynamic improvements from CRT do not consistently predict long-term patient outcomes.
  • The discrepancy between acute effects and long-term benefits necessitates exploring other contributing factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between acute hemodynamic effects and long-term outcomes in CRT.
  • To explore the role of cardiac dyssynchrony and subsequent remodeling in CRT response.
  • To propose a paradigm shift for optimizing long-term CRT efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CRT effects and outcomes.
  • Analysis of studies investigating cardiac remodeling in response to CRT.
  • Correlation of hemodynamic changes with structural, electrical, and contractile modifications.

Main Results:

  • Immediate hemodynamic benefits of CRT do not reliably predict long-term success.
  • Cardiac dyssynchrony is linked to extensive structural, electrophysiological, and contractile remodeling.
  • CRT can reverse remodeling processes, even with limited acute hemodynamic improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term CRT response may depend more on reversing cardiac remodeling than on acute hemodynamic changes.
  • A shift in focus towards addressing dyssynchrony-induced remodeling is crucial for maximizing CRT benefits.
  • Optimizing CRT strategies may require a new approach beyond immediate hemodynamic optimization.