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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)01:32

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
There are two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
The ionotropic receptor is the membrane protein that has an...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of specific...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals
12:01

Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals

Published on: October 1, 2014

Use dependence of presynaptic tenacity.

Arava Fisher-Lavie1, Adel Zeidan, Michal Stern

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Rappaport Institute, Technion Faculty of Medicine, and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Haifa 32000, Israel.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Synaptic vesicle (SV) content in neurons changes gradually over time, independent of activity. While stimulation accelerates SV redistribution, the brain restores SV levels, suggesting active zones (AZs) help maintain these set points.

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Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals
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Published on: October 1, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicles (SVs) are crucial for neurotransmission.
  • Continuous exchange of SVs between synapses challenges stable vesicle pools.
  • Presynaptic activity may further deplete SVs, complicating homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how individual presynaptic boutons maintain SV content.
  • To determine the impact of continuous neuronal activity on SV content stability.
  • To explore the remodeling of active zones (AZs) in relation to SV dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Studied rat hippocampal neurons.
  • Monitored SV content in individual presynaptic boutons over hours.
  • Applied intermittent stimulation paradigms.
  • Observed active zone (AZ) remodeling.

Main Results:

  • Bouton SV content changed gradually over hours, independent of basal activity.
  • Intermittent stimulation accelerated SV pool size changes.
  • Following stimulation, SV pool change rates returned to basal levels.
  • Active zone (AZ) remodeling occurred but was unaffected by stimulation paradigms.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced neuronal activity increases SV redistribution but is counteracted by restorative forces.
  • Active zones (AZs) appear to play a role in preserving SV content set points.
  • Neither AZ size nor SV content set points exhibit long-term stability, questioning presynaptic specialization tenacity.