Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic S_N1

Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Design, Synthesis, and Fungicidal Activity of a New Class of Thiadiazolylpyrimidine Carboxamide Derivatives Against R. solani Kuhn.

Chemistry & biodiversity·2025

Same author

7D, a small molecule inhibits dengue infection by increasing interferons and neutralizing-antibodies via CXCL4:CXCR3:p38:IRF3 and Sirt1:STAT3 axes respectively.

EMBO molecular medicine·2024

Same author

Chalcone-based Turn-Off Chemosensor for Selective and Susceptible Detection of Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions: Spectroscopic and DFT Investigations.

Journal of fluorescence·2024

Same author

In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition study of dihydropyrimidinones synthesized via one-pot Biginelli reaction in the presence of a green catalyst.

Bioorganic chemistry·2024

Same author

Synthesis, antimycobacterial, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, in silico studies and molecular dynamics of pyrazole-embedded thiazolidin-4-one hybrids.

Archiv der Pharmazie·2022

Same author

Design and synthesis of amino acid derivatives of substituted benzimidazoles and pyrazoles as Sirt1 inhibitors.

RSC advances·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

N-(2-Chloro-phen-yl)-2-({5-[4-(methyl-sulfan-yl)benz-yl]-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl}sulfan-yl)acetamide.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Chin Sing Yeap, K Manjunath

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|November 18, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a molecule containing a 1,2,4-triazole ring. The molecule exhibits specific dihedral angles and forms sheet-like structures via hydrogen bonds in its crystalline state.

More Related Videos

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure

Background:

1,2,4-triazole derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
Understanding molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions is crucial for drug design.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of a novel C(24)H(21)ClN(4)OS(2) molecule.
To analyze the dihedral angles between the central triazole ring and its substituents.
To investigate intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles.
Identification of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds.

Main Results:

The central 1,2,4-triazole ring displayed significant dihedral angles with the substituted benzene and phenyl rings (89.05(9)°, 86.66(9)°, and 82.70(10)°).
The crystal structure features molecules arranged in sheets parallel to the (100) plane.
Intermolecular N-H⋯N and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified as the driving forces for sheet formation.

Conclusions:

The study provides a detailed structural characterization of the title compound.
The observed dihedral angles suggest a non-planar conformation of the molecule.
The hydrogen bonding network explains the observed sheet-like arrangement in the crystal structure.