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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

Crown Ethers

Crown Ethers

Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules take.

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Cyclo-hexyl-ammonium 4-meth-oxy-benzoate.

¹Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|November 18, 2011

Summary

This study reveals strong hydrogen bonds in a molecular salt, forming crystal chains. The carboxylate group and benzene ring show a slight twist, with methoxy group deviation from the ring.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Molecular salts are crucial in various chemical applications.
Understanding intermolecular interactions is key to designing new materials.
Crystal structure analysis provides fundamental insights into molecular behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the crystal structure of the molecular salt C(6)H(14)N(+)·C(8)H(7)O(3) (-).
To investigate the role of hydrogen bonding in the supramolecular assembly.
To quantify specific geometric parameters influencing the crystal packing.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (N-H⋯O) was performed.

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

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Geometric parameters, including dihedral angles and atomic deviations, were calculated.

Main Results:

The crystal structure is characterized by strong N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between ammonium and carboxylate groups.
These interactions lead to the formation of one-dimensional supramolecular chains along the [010] direction.
A dihedral angle of 8.94° was observed between the carboxylate group and the benzene ring, with a methoxy carbon deviation of 1.374 Å.

Conclusions:

The hydrogen bonding pattern dictates the formation of extended chain structures in this molecular salt.
The observed geometric parameters provide insights into the conformational preferences within the crystal lattice.
This structural information is valuable for understanding structure-property relationships in related organic salts.