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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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2,4-Dibromo-naphthalen-1-ol.

Abdul Rauf Raza, Aeysha Sultan, M Nawaz Tahir

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |November 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reveals that a specific organic compound forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond, creating a ring structure. Molecules then link via intermolecular hydrogen bonds, forming chains stabilized by aromatic interactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for predicting crystal structures.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in molecular self-assembly.
    • Aromatic interactions influence crystal packing and stability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of the title compound, C(10)H(6)Br(2)O.
    • To characterize the hydrogen bonding network and aromatic interactions present in the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional molecular structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bond distances and angles elucidated the bonding patterns.

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    Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants
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  • Intermolecular interactions, including π-π stacking, were identified and quantified.

    • Main Results:

    • The title compound exhibits a nearly planar structure with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.023 Å.
    • An intramolecular O-H⋯Br hydrogen bond was observed, forming an S(5) ring.
    • Molecules are linked by an intermolecular O-H⋯O-H⋯O chain along the [100] direction.
    • Aromatic π-π interactions with a centroid-centroid separation of 3.737(4) Å were identified, contributing to crystal packing.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure is governed by a combination of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
    • The observed hydrogen bond chain and aromatic interactions effectively stabilize the crystal lattice.
    • This detailed structural analysis provides insights into the supramolecular assembly of halogenated organic compounds.