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Related Experiment Videos

Changes in cooperation and self-other differentiation during the second year.

C A Brownell1, M S Carriger

  • 1Psychology Department, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260.

Child Development
|August 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Young children develop cooperation skills in the second year, linked to understanding self and others. This ability to coordinate actions with peers emerges significantly by 24 months.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Cognition
  • Early Childhood Behavior

Background:

  • Early peer interaction involves developing cooperation skills.
  • The ability to differentiate self from other is crucial for coordinated action.
  • Understanding agency in others may underpin cooperative behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of cooperation in young children.
  • To examine the relationship between self-other differentiation and cooperative skills.
  • To identify developmental milestones in early childhood cooperation.

Main Methods:

  • Observing same-age, same-sex dyads (12, 18, 24, 30 months) solving a cooperation problem.
  • Assessing self-other differentiation using an elicited imitation task (decentration).

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analyzing behavioral coordination during the cooperation task.

    • Main Results:

    • No cooperation observed at 12 months.
    • Infrequent and accidental cooperation at 18 months.
    • Effective and quick coordination observed in 24- and 30-month-olds.
    • Advanced decentration correlated with better behavioral accommodation during cooperation.

    Conclusions:

    • Cooperation in peer interaction emerges in the second half of the second year.
    • Self-other differentiation is a key cognitive skill for developing early cooperation.
    • Children's ability to coordinate actions with peers improves significantly between 18 and 24 months.