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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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[Chronic alcoholism with diffuse brain atrophy].

M L Cao1

  • 1First Affilated Hospital of Hubei Medical College, Wuchang.

Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi
|February 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic alcoholism is linked to diffuse brain atrophy, particularly in patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Increased alcohol consumption and clinical history correlate with brain atrophy, with a notable rise in younger alcoholics.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Chronic alcoholism is a significant public health concern.
  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in individuals with chronic alcohol use disorder.
  • Brain atrophy is a potential consequence of long-term alcohol abuse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the clinical manifestations and CT scan findings in patients with chronic alcoholism.
  • To investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption, clinical history, and brain atrophy.
  • To highlight the demographic trends of alcoholism, particularly the increasing prevalence in younger individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of clinical data from 9 chronic alcoholism cases.
  • Review of computed tomography (CT) scans to assess brain structure.
  • Correlation of clinical history and alcohol intake with observed brain atrophy.

Main Results:

  • Diffuse brain atrophy was observed in chronic alcoholism patients presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms.
  • Significant correlations were found between clinical history, alcohol consumption levels, and the extent of brain atrophy.
  • A higher proportion of young individuals were identified as alcoholics compared to elderly individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic alcohol consumption leads to diffuse brain atrophy, especially when accompanied by neuropsychiatric symptoms.
  • The severity of brain atrophy is associated with cumulative alcohol intake and patient history.
  • The increasing prevalence of alcoholism in younger populations requires urgent attention and targeted interventions.